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Programming language
Programming
languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run.
Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no
ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often
difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine
code by a compiler or an assembler before being run,
or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs
are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.
Low-level
languages
Machine
languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively
termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a
particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM
architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or
a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of
an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might
be in a PC.
Higher-level
languages
Though considerably easier than in
machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult
and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more
abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express
the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help
reduce programmer error).